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  <div class="section" id="module-pprint">
<h1>9.18. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt> &#8212; Data pretty printer<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pprint" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt> module provides a capability to &#8220;pretty-print&#8221; arbitrary
Python data structures in a form which can be used as input to the interpreter.
If the formatted structures include objects which are not fundamental Python
types, the representation may not be loadable.  This may be the case if objects
such as files, sockets, classes, or instances are included, as well as many
other builtin objects which are not representable as Python constants.</p>
<p>The formatted representation keeps objects on a single line if it can, and
breaks them onto multiple lines if they don&#8217;t fit within the allowed width.
Construct <a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> objects explicitly if you need to adjust the
width constraint.</p>
<p>
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Dictionaries are sorted by key before the display is computed; before 2.5, a
dictionary was sorted only if its display required more than one line, although
that wasn&#8217;t documented.</p>
<p>
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Added support for <a title="set" class="reference external" href="stdtypes.html#set"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></tt></a> and <a title="frozenset" class="reference external" href="stdtypes.html#frozenset"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt> module defines one class:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter">
<em class="property">
class </em><tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">PrettyPrinter</tt><big>(</big><em>...</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Construct a <a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> instance.  This constructor understands
several keyword parameters.  An output stream may be set using the <em>stream</em>
keyword; the only method used on the stream object is the file protocol&#8217;s
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt> method.  If not specified, the <a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> adopts
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt>.  Three additional parameters may be used to control the
formatted representation.  The keywords are <em>indent</em>, <em>depth</em>, and <em>width</em>.  The
amount of indentation added for each recursive level is specified by <em>indent</em>;
the default is one.  Other values can cause output to look a little odd, but can
make nesting easier to spot.  The number of levels which may be printed is
controlled by <em>depth</em>; if the data structure being printed is too deep, the next
contained level is replaced by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">...</span></tt>.  By default, there is no constraint on
the depth of the objects being formatted.  The desired output width is
constrained using the <em>width</em> parameter; the default is 80 characters.  If a
structure cannot be formatted within the constrained width, a best effort will
be made.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stuff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;lumberjack&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;knights&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;ni&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">[:])</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PrettyPrinter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[   [&#39;spam&#39;, &#39;eggs&#39;, &#39;lumberjack&#39;, &#39;knights&#39;, &#39;ni&#39;],</span>
<span class="go">    &#39;spam&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">    &#39;eggs&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">    &#39;lumberjack&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">    &#39;knights&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">    &#39;ni&#39;]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">tup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;lumberjack&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;knights&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;ni&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;dead&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;parrot&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;fresh fruit&#39;</span><span class="p">,))))))))</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PrettyPrinter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">depth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tup</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;spam&#39;, (&#39;eggs&#39;, (&#39;lumberjack&#39;, (&#39;knights&#39;, (&#39;ni&#39;, (&#39;dead&#39;, (...)))))))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<p>The <a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> class supports several derivative functions:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="pprint.pformat">
<tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">pformat</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>width</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>depth</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.pformat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the formatted representation of <em>object</em> as a string.  <em>indent</em>, <em>width</em>
and <em>depth</em> will be passed to the <a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> constructor as
formatting parameters.</p>
<p>
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The parameters <em>indent</em>, <em>width</em> and <em>depth</em> were added.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="pprint.pprint">
<tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">pprint</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>stream</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>width</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>depth</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.pprint" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Prints the formatted representation of <em>object</em> on <em>stream</em>, followed by a
newline.  If <em>stream</em> is omitted, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> is used.  This may be used in
the interactive interpreter instead of a <a class="reference external" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></tt></a> statement for
inspecting values.    <em>indent</em>, <em>width</em> and <em>depth</em> will be passed to the
<a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> constructor as formatting parameters.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stuff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;lumberjack&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;knights&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;ni&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[&lt;Recursion on list with id=...&gt;,</span>
<span class="go"> &#39;spam&#39;,</span>
<span class="go"> &#39;eggs&#39;,</span>
<span class="go"> &#39;lumberjack&#39;,</span>
<span class="go"> &#39;knights&#39;,</span>
<span class="go"> &#39;ni&#39;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The parameters <em>indent</em>, <em>width</em> and <em>depth</em> were added.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="pprint.isreadable">
<tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">isreadable</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.isreadable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-487">Determine if the formatted representation of <em>object</em> is &#8220;readable,&#8221; or can be
used to reconstruct the value using <a title="eval" class="reference external" href="functions.html#eval"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></tt></a>.  This always returns <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>
for recursive objects.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isreadable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="pprint.isrecursive">
<tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">isrecursive</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.isrecursive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Determine if <em>object</em> requires a recursive representation.</dd></dl>

<p>One more support function is also defined:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="pprint.saferepr">
<tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">saferepr</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.saferepr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a string representation of <em>object</em>, protected against recursive data
structures.  If the representation of <em>object</em> exposes a recursive entry, the
recursive reference will be represented as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;Recursion</span> <span class="pre">on</span> <span class="pre">typename</span> <span class="pre">with</span>
<span class="pre">id=number&gt;</span></tt>.  The representation is not otherwise formatted.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">saferepr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;[&lt;Recursion on list with id=...&gt;, &#39;spam&#39;, &#39;eggs&#39;, &#39;lumberjack&#39;, &#39;knights&#39;, &#39;ni&#39;]&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="prettyprinter-objects">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>9.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#prettyprinter-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> instances have the following methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.pformat">
<tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">pformat</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.pformat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the formatted representation of <em>object</em>.  This takes into account the
options passed to the <a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> constructor.</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.pprint">
<tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">pprint</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.pprint" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Print the formatted representation of <em>object</em> on the configured stream,
followed by a newline.</dd></dl>

<p>The following methods provide the implementations for the corresponding
functions of the same names.  Using these methods on an instance is slightly
more efficient since new <a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> objects don&#8217;t need to be
created.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.isreadable">
<tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">isreadable</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.isreadable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-488">Determine if the formatted representation of the object is &#8220;readable,&#8221; or can be
used to reconstruct the value using <a title="eval" class="reference external" href="functions.html#eval"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></tt></a>.  Note that this returns
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> for recursive objects.  If the <em>depth</em> parameter of the
<a title="pprint.PrettyPrinter" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> is set and the object is deeper than allowed, this
returns <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.isrecursive">
<tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">isrecursive</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.isrecursive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Determine if the object requires a recursive representation.</dd></dl>

<p>This method is provided as a hook to allow subclasses to modify the way objects
are converted to strings.  The default implementation uses the internals of the
<a title="pprint.saferepr" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.saferepr"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">saferepr()</span></tt></a> implementation.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.format">
<tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">format</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em>, <em>context</em>, <em>maxlevels</em>, <em>level</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns three values: the formatted version of <em>object</em> as a string, a flag
indicating whether the result is readable, and a flag indicating whether
recursion was detected.  The first argument is the object to be presented.  The
second is a dictionary which contains the <a title="id" class="reference external" href="functions.html#id"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">id()</span></tt></a> of objects that are part of
the current presentation context (direct and indirect containers for <em>object</em>
that are affecting the presentation) as the keys; if an object needs to be
presented which is already represented in <em>context</em>, the third return value
should be <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>.  Recursive calls to the <a title="format" class="reference external" href="functions.html#format"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">format()</span></tt></a> method should add
additional entries for containers to this dictionary.  The third argument,
<em>maxlevels</em>, gives the requested limit to recursion; this will be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> if there
is no requested limit.  This argument should be passed unmodified to recursive
calls. The fourth argument, <em>level</em>, gives the current level; recursive calls
should be passed a value less than that of the current call.</p>
<p>
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

</div>
<div class="section" id="pprint-example">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>9.18.2. pprint Example<a class="headerlink" href="#pprint-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This example demonstrates several uses of the <a title="pprint.pprint" class="reference internal" href="#pprint.pprint"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint()</span></tt></a> function and its parameters.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">tup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;lumberjack&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;knights&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;ni&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;dead&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;parrot&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;fresh fruit&#39;</span><span class="p">,))))))))</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stuff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tup</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">30</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">20</span><span class="p">]]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;aaaaaaaaaa&#39;,</span>
<span class="go"> (&#39;spam&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">  (&#39;eggs&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">   (&#39;lumberjack&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">    (&#39;knights&#39;, (&#39;ni&#39;, (&#39;dead&#39;, (&#39;parrot&#39;, (&#39;fresh fruit&#39;,)))))))),</span>
<span class="go"> [&#39;aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa&#39;, &#39;bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb&#39;],</span>
<span class="go"> [&#39;cccccccccccccccccccc&#39;, &#39;dddddddddddddddddddd&#39;]]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">depth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;aaaaaaaaaa&#39;,</span>
<span class="go"> (&#39;spam&#39;, (&#39;eggs&#39;, (...))),</span>
<span class="go"> [&#39;aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa&#39;, &#39;bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb&#39;],</span>
<span class="go"> [&#39;cccccccccccccccccccc&#39;, &#39;dddddddddddddddddddd&#39;]]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">60</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;aaaaaaaaaa&#39;,</span>
<span class="go"> (&#39;spam&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">  (&#39;eggs&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">   (&#39;lumberjack&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">    (&#39;knights&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">     (&#39;ni&#39;, (&#39;dead&#39;, (&#39;parrot&#39;, (&#39;fresh fruit&#39;,)))))))),</span>
<span class="go"> [&#39;aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">  &#39;bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb&#39;],</span>
<span class="go"> [&#39;cccccccccccccccccccc&#39;, &#39;dddddddddddddddddddd&#39;]]</span>
</pre></div>
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<li><a class="reference external" href="">9.18. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt> &#8212; Data pretty printer</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#prettyprinter-objects">9.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#pprint-example">9.18.2. pprint Example</a></li>
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